In this article, we will discuss
- Understanding the Annual Report: Meaning and Details
- Analysing Annual Reports to Unearth Hidden Gems
- Spotting Red Flags in Annual Reports of Companies
- Conclusion
Fundamental analysis is the gold standard technique to identify undervalued stocks with strong potential for capital appreciation over the long term. The evaluation of annual financial statements of companies forms a major part of fundamental analysis.
Contrary to popular opinion, the financial statements of a company are not just about the numbers alone. If you delve deeper, they contain crucial insights into the financial health, operational efficiency and risk factors of an entity, among others. This is precisely why many investors, financial experts, lenders and other stakeholders have perfected the art of studying and decoding annual reports.
Understanding the Annual Report: Meaning and Details
An annual report is a comprehensive collection of a detailed set of documents that provide crucial information regarding a company for a particular financial year. Financial statements such as the year-end profit and loss statement, financial balance sheet and cash flow statement, along with their notes, make up the majority of an annual report. In addition to the financials, an annual also features the following details.
- Board of Directors’ report
- Auditor’s report
- Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
- Corporate governance report
- Risk management report
- Business responsibility and sustainability report
Analysing Annual Reports to Unearth Hidden Gems
By analysing the financial statements and annual reports, you may be able to discover certain important aspects of a company that may be hidden but could potentially have a positive effect on its valuation in the future. Here are some examples of such hidden gems that you need to look out for when analysing annual reports.
Understated Assets
Companies often list assets at their purchase price or historical value. However, this approach may not work in the case of certain assets, such as real estate, which are known to appreciate with time. Listing such appreciating assets at their purchase price or historical value may mean that they are understated in the financial balance sheets. This could make them look less desirable than they truly are.
For example, a company might have purchased a land parcel in the central area of a major city for Rs. 50 lakhs a few decades ago. The current market value of the plot of land could be Rs. 50 crores. However, if the company lists the asset in its balance sheet at its historical value, it may not look very appealing to investors at first glance.
Such undervaluation of assets can obscure the real financial position of the company. As an investor, whenever you are analysing the assets, make sure to actively look for notes on the asset valuations. Additionally, you could also compare the assets listed at historical cost with their current market value to assess their hidden value, if any.
Improvements in Operational Efficiency
The initiatives that a company takes to optimise operational efficiency is another major aspect you need to look into to uncover potential value. These initiatives could include reductions in operating costs, streamlined logistics, enhanced production techniques or a combination of the three. Although they may seem quite minor, such improvements could significantly boost future earnings. However, they may not be immediately apparent from the top-line figures in the annual financial statement.
For instance, a company that has invested in automation technology and has also streamlined and standardised its production processes could potentially benefit from lower costs and increased profits in the long run.
Uncovering such improvements that a company makes could give you an edge over other investors. To spot improvements in operational efficiency, you need to analyse the trends in operating expenses, production costs and efficiency metrics over several periods. Additionally, you could also find certain relevant information by reading through the Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) section of the annual report.
Market Expansion
Conducting a detailed analysis of the revenue streams from different geographical regions and markets can help you uncover a company’s hidden growth prospects. For instance, say a company is expanding successfully in emerging markets. This entity could potentially enjoy sustained long-term growth by capitalising on new consumer bases and economic trends.
This is especially relevant for companies in sectors like technology, consumer goods and healthcare — where emerging markets offer substantial growth opportunities. When analysing the potential growth prospects of companies trying to break into new markets, make sure to focus on the company's strategy, current market share and revenue growth to get insights.
You can find information about a company’s plans and strategies for its new market segments and the progress it has made in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) section of the annual report.
Debt Structure
Evaluating the way a company structures its debt is another efficient way to unearth crucial information on its financial health and stability. A company that has borrowed funds at favourable terms is more likely to be financially stable and capable of managing its finances strategically.
Usually, a company’s financial statements will contain all the data you need for your analysis. This includes the terms, maturity profiles and interest rates of the various debt obligations. A detailed review of this information, along with the debt repayment schedule, can reveal how well-prepared a company is to manage its financial obligations.
Furthermore, you must also focus on how a company plans to use the funds it borrows. A company that uses debt to leverage growth opportunities or create new assets is better poised to reap benefits in the future than a company that uses it to repay existing debt.
Quiet Acquisitions
Not all companies make headlines for acquiring companies, especially if the acquisitions are of much smaller entities. However, that doesn’t mean that these small acquisitions or strategic investments are worthless. When done right, they can be pivotal for a company’s future.
Such quiet acquisitions could potentially provide a company with access to innovative technologies, talented teams or new market segments. For example, a traditional banking institution may acquire a small fintech startup providing app-based loans. This move could signal the bank’s potential entry into the digital loan segment, which could become a high-growth area in the next few years.
As an investor, you must analyse the nature, size and strategic fit of these acquisitions. This exercise will allow you to gauge how the acquired company may contribute to the acquiring company's value. You can find information on acquisitions that the company makes in its annual financial statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A).
Spotting Red Flags in Annual Reports of Companies
Annual reports do not just give you a comprehensive overview of a company’s financial health and performance. In addition to the hidden gems discussed above, they may also conceal or downplay certain red flags within their many annexures. As an investor, you need to be able to spot these hidden warning signs, which could have a negative impact on the company’s valuation in the future.
Here are some such red flags that you need to watch out for.
Spiralling Debt Levels
One of the first red flags that you need to look for is an aggressive increase in debt levels. Although debt by itself is not always a negative aspect, a sharp increase in a company’s financial liabilities could lead to significantly higher interest payments and lower profits, straining the company’s finances.
A company with a high debt-to-equity ratio is considered to be overleveraged, which can be risky, especially during periods of economic downturns or rising interest rates. Checking the year-end profit and loss statement and other financials could give you the information you need regarding the company’s debt obligations.
Low Earnings Quality
A company may report impressive earnings growth year-on-year. While this is generally a positive sign, it is the details that count. For example, a company could report a 150% increase in its earnings year-over-year. However, if the reason for the growth is a one-time gain, such as from the settlement of a lawsuit, the quality of the earnings becomes questionable.
Therefore, when you’re analysing the annual financial statements, look for factors such as one-time gains, non-recurring expenses and aggressive revenue recognition practices. All these aspects could distort the true picture of the company’s earnings. For any company, revenue generation must be sustainable and recurring.
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Risks
The annual reports of many companies often downplay or omit material ESG risks. Some examples of such risks include environmental liabilities, questionable labour practices or issues with corporate governance. Failure to adequately address these risks can expose companies to reputational damage, increased regulatory scrutiny or legal liabilities.
When you examine ESG disclosures in the annual report, make sure to read the comments made by the management. If the commentary doesn’t properly address ESG risks or if it downplays them, it could be a warning sign of a potential negative impact on the company’s operations.
Related-Party Transactions
Related-party transactions are another major red flag you must be aware of. They include transactions with executives, directors and affiliated entities. An unusually high number of related-party transactions could indicate conflicts of interest, self-dealing transactions or even potential abuse of corporate resources.
Companies may not adequately disclose related-party transactions or may attempt to structure them to benefit insiders at the expense of shareholders. As an investor, you must carefully scrutinise related-party disclosures made in the annual financial statements and examine the terms of these transactions. This will help you uncover any possible conflicts and manipulations of financial resources.
Conclusion
The bottom line is that the annual reports of companies are designed to provide a comprehensive overview of their financial and operating status. When you analyse the financial statements and other documents that are a part of the annual report, it is crucial to look beyond the numbers alone. This way, you can identify favourable patterns, anomalies, hidden gems and red flags that could shape the company's future trajectory.
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